![]() Not only do people living in more deprived areas have shorter life spans, they also live more years in poor health. ![]() The gap in healthy life expectancy between most and least deprived areas is even greater – almost two decades – than the gap in life expectancy ( see Table 1). Proportion of life spent in 'good health' (%) Table 1 Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy by deprivation decile: England The male–female difference in life expectancy is greater in more deprived areas: for example, females in the most deprived areas live 4.8 years longer than males, compared with a difference of 3.1 years in the least deprived areas. These conditions are potentially preventable: smoking and obesity, the main risk factors, are higher among more deprived groups. About one-third of these inequalities in life expectancy are caused by higher mortality rates from heart and respiratory disease, and lung cancer in more deprived areas. In 2018–20, males in the least deprived 10 per cent of areas in England could expect to live almost a decade longer than males in the 10 per cent most deprived areas for females the difference was 8 years. People living in more affluent areas live significantly longer than people living in deprived areas ( see Table 1). Life expectancy is closely related to the overall level of deprivation in an area. Life expectancy is affected by many factors, for example, behavioural risks to health such as smoking and a poor diet access to and use of health care wider socio-economic determinants such as income, education, housing and employment geography and specific characteristics such as sex, ethnicity, disability and social exclusion. Disability-free life expectancy is an estimate of the number of years lived without a self-reported long-lasting physical or mental health condition that limits daily activities. cHealthy life expectancy is an estimate of the number of years lived in ‘very good’ or ’good’ general health, based on how individuals perceive their general health.Similarly, disability-free life expectancy is almost two decades shorter than life expectancy, and is higher among males (62.4 years) than females (60.9 years). And although females live an average of 3.7 years longer than males, most of that time (3 years) is spent in poor health. In 2018–20 a female in England could expect to live 83.1 years, of which 19.3 years (23 per cent) would have been spent in ‘not good’ health. Although a male in England could expect to live 79.4 years in 2018–20, his average healthy life expectancy was only 63.1 years – ie, he would have spent 16.3 of those years (20 per cent) in ‘not good’ health. Has also increased over time, but not as much as life expectancy, so more years are spent in poor health. Life expectancy can also be calculated for specific ages, eg, age 65, which is the average lifespan for a 65-year-old person if current death rates at ages 65 and over do not change. However, if rates are falling, actual life spans will be higher than life expectancy calculated using current death rates. bLife expectancy at birth is defined as how long, on average, a newborn can expect to live if current death rates do not change. ![]() The article refers throughout to life expectancy at birth. Note: This article presents findings for England, except where the published data relates to England and Wales or the UK. , gender differences, inequalities in life expectancy, causes of the changing trends since 2011, and how life expectancy in England compares with other countries. ![]() This article examines trends in life expectancy at birth up to 2021 and the impact of Covid-19 on life expectancy in 20 a Then in 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic was a more significant turning point, causing a sharp fall in life expectancy, the magnitude of which has not been seen since World War II. From 2011 increases in life expectancy slowed after decades of steady improvement, prompting much debate about the causes. There have been two turning points in trends in life expectancy in England in the past decade. It was previously updated in December 2021, April 2021 and June 2020 and originally published in August 2018. This article was updated on 10 August 2022. ![]()
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